With SSL support compiled in, the LightDB server can be started with SSL enabled by setting the parameter ssl to on in lightdb.conf. The server will listen for both normal and SSL connections on the same TCP port, and will negotiate with any connecting client on whether to use SSL. By default, this is at the client's option; see Section 19.1 about how to set up the server to require use of SSL for some or all connections.

To start in SSL mode, files containing the server certificate and private key must exist. By default, these files are expected to be named server.crt and server.key, respectively, in the server's data directory, but other names and locations can be specified using the configuration parameters ssl_cert_file and ssl_key_file.

On Unix systems, the permissions on server.key must disallow any access to world or group; achieve this by the command chmod 0600 server.key. Alternatively, the file can be owned by root and have group read access (that is, 0640 permissions). That setup is intended for installations where certificate and key files are managed by the operating system. The user under which the LightDB server runs should then be made a member of the group that has access to those certificate and key files.

If the data directory allows group read access then certificate files may need to be located outside of the data directory in order to conform to the security requirements outlined above. Generally, group access is enabled to allow an unprivileged user to backup the database, and in that case the backup software will not be able to read the certificate files and will likely error.

If the private key is protected with a passphrase, the server will prompt for the passphrase and will not start until it has been entered. Using a passphrase by default disables the ability to change the server's SSL configuration without a server restart, but see ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload.

The first certificate in server.crt must be the server's certificate because it must match the server's private key. The certificates of “intermediate” certificate authorities can also be appended to the file. Doing this avoids the necessity of storing intermediate certificates on clients, assuming the root and intermediate certificates were created with v3_ca extensions. (This sets the certificate's basic constraint of CA to true.) This allows easier expiration of intermediate certificates.

It is not necessary to add the root certificate to server.crt. Instead, clients must have the root certificate of the server's certificate chain.

LightDB reads the system-wide GmSSL configuration file. By default, this file is named openssl.cnf and is located in the directory reported by gmssl version -d. This default can be overridden by setting environment variable OPENSSL_CONF to the name of the desired configuration file.

GmSSL supports a wide range of ciphers and authentication algorithms, of varying strength. While a list of ciphers can be specified in the GmSSL configuration file, you can specify ciphers specifically for use by the database server by modifying ssl_ciphers in lightdb.conf.

To require the client to supply a trusted certificate, place certificates of the root certificate authorities (CAs) you trust in a file in the data directory, set the parameter ssl_ca_file in lightdb.conf to the new file name, and add the authentication option clientcert=verify-ca or clientcert=verify-full to the appropriate hostssl line(s) in lt_hba.conf. A certificate will then be requested from the client during SSL connection startup. (See Section 32.17 for a description of how to set up certificates on the client.)

For a hostssl entry with clientcert=verify-ca, the server will verify that the client's certificate is signed by one of the trusted certificate authorities. If clientcert=verify-full is specified, the server will not only verify the certificate chain, but it will also check whether the username or its mapping matches the cn (Common Name) of the provided certificate. Note that certificate chain validation is always ensured when the cert authentication method is used (see Section 19.8).

Intermediate certificates that chain up to existing root certificates can also appear in the ssl_ca_file file if you wish to avoid storing them on clients (assuming the root and intermediate certificates were created with v3_ca extensions). Certificate Revocation List (CRL) entries are also checked if the parameter ssl_crl_file is set.

The clientcert authentication option is available for all authentication methods, but only in lt_hba.conf lines specified as hostssl. When clientcert is not specified or is set to no-verify, the server will still verify any presented client certificates against its CA file, if one is configured — but it will not insist that a client certificate be presented.

There are two approaches to enforce that users provide a certificate during login.

The first approach makes use of the cert authentication method for hostssl entries in lt_hba.conf, such that the certificate itself is used for authentication while also providing ssl connection security. See Section 19.8 for details. (It is not necessary to specify any clientcert options explicitly when using the cert authentication method.) In this case, the cn (Common Name) provided in the certificate is checked against the user name or an applicable mapping.

The second approach combines any authentication method for hostssl entries with the verification of client certificates by setting the clientcert authentication option to verify-ca or verify-full. The former option only enforces that the certificate is valid, while the latter also ensures that the cn (Common Name) in the certificate matches the user name or an applicable mapping.

Table 17.2 summarizes the files that are relevant to the SSL setup on the server. (The shown file names are default names. The locally configured names could be different.)

The server reads these files at server start and whenever the server configuration is reloaded.

If an error in these files is detected at server start, the server will refuse to start. But if an error is detected during a configuration reload, the files are ignored and the old SSL configuration continues to be used. In all these cases, the error condition is reported in the server log.

To create an SM2 self-signed certificate for the server, valid for 365 days, use the following GmSSL command, replacing dbhost.yourdomain.com with the server's host name:

gmssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -text -out server.crt -keyout server.key -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com"

Then do:

chmod og-rwx server.key

because the server will reject the file if its permissions are more liberal than this. For more details on how to create your server private key and certificate, refer to the OpenSSL documentation.

While a self-signed certificate can be used for testing, a certificate signed by a certificate authority (CA) (usually an enterprise-wide root CA) should be used in production.

To create a server certificate whose identity can be validated by clients, first create a certificate signing request (CSR) and a public/private key file:

1.Copy opensl.cnf from directory gmssl version -d to the current directory, 
and modify the value of the dir parameter to the current path, for example, dir = /home/lightdb/gmssl
2.Create sm2 private key
gmssl ecparam -genkey -name sm2p256v1 -noout -out root.key -config openssl.cnf
chmod og-rwx root.key
3.Create certificate request, root.yourdomain.com needs to be replaced with the server's hostname
gmssl req -new -key root.key -out root.req -subj "/CN=root.yourdomain.com" -config openssl.cnf

Then, sign the request with the key to create a root certificate authority (using the default GmSSL configuration file location on Linux):

gmssl x509 -req -days 3650 -sm3 -in root.req -signkey root.key -out root.crt -extensions v3_ca
#View the contents of your certificate
gmssl x509 -text -in root.crt -noout

Finally, create a server certificate signed by the new root certificate authority:

gmssl ecparam -name sm2p256v1 -genkey -noout -out server.key -config openssl.cnf
chmod og-rwx server.key
gmssl req -new -SM3 -key server.key -out server.csr -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com" -config openssl.cnf
gmssl x509 -req -SM3 -days 3650 -in server.csr   -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt  -extensions v3_ca

server.crt and server.key should be stored on the server, and root.crt should be stored on the client so the client can verify that the server's leaf certificate was signed by its trusted root certificate. root.key should be stored offline for use in creating future certificates.

It is also possible to create a chain of trust that includes intermediate certificates:

# root
gmssl ecparam -genkey -name sm2p256v1 -noout -out root.key -config openssl.cnf
chmod og-rwx root.key
gmssl req -new -key root.key -out root.req -subj "/CN=root.yourdomain.com" -config openssl.cnf
gmssl x509 -req -days 3650 -sm3 -in root.req -signkey root.key -out root.crt -extensions v3_ca

# intermediate
gmssl ecparam -name sm2p256v1 -genkey -noout -out intermediate.key -config openssl.cnf
chmod og-rwx intermediate.key
gmssl req -new -SM3 -key intermediate.key -out intermediate.csr -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com" -config openssl.cnf
gmssl x509 -req -SM3 -days 3650 -in intermediate.csr   -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial -out intermediate.crt  -extensions v3_ca


# leaf
gmssl ecparam -name sm2p256v1 -genkey -noout -out server.key -config openssl.cnf
chmod og-rwx server.key
gmssl req -new -SM3 -key server.key -out server.csr -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com" -config openssl.cnf
gmssl x509 -req -SM3 -days 3650 -in server.csr   -CA intermediate.crt -CAkey intermediate.key -CAcreateserial -CAcreateserial -out server.crt  -extensions v3_ca

server.crt and intermediate.crt should be concatenated into a certificate file bundle and stored on the server. server.key should also be stored on the server. root.crt should be stored on the client so the client can verify that the server's leaf certificate was signed by a chain of certificates linked to its trusted root certificate. root.key and intermediate.key should be stored offline for use in creating future certificates.