There are several settings that can cause the query planner not to generate a parallel query plan under any circumstances. In order for any parallel query plans whatsoever to be generated, the following settings must be configured as indicated.
max_parallel_workers_per_gather must be set to a
value that is greater than zero. This is a special case of the more
general principle that no more workers should be used than the number
configured via max_parallel_workers_per_gather.
In addition, the system must not be running in single-user mode. Since the entire database system is running in single process in this situation, no background workers will be available.
Even when it is in general possible for parallel query plans to be generated, the planner will not generate them for a given query if any of the following are true:
The query writes any data or locks any database rows. If a query
contains a data-modifying operation either at the top level or within
a CTE, no parallel plans for that query will be generated. As an
exception, the commands CREATE TABLE ... AS and SELECT
INTO that create a new
table and populate it can use a parallel plan.
The query might be suspended during execution. In any situation in
which the system thinks that partial or incremental execution might
occur, no parallel plan is generated. For example, a cursor created
using DECLARE CURSOR will never use
a parallel plan. Similarly, a PL/pgSQL loop of the form
FOR x IN query LOOP .. END LOOP will never use a
parallel plan, because the parallel query system is unable to verify
that the code in the loop is safe to execute while parallel query is
active.
The query uses any function marked PARALLEL UNSAFE.
Most system-defined functions are PARALLEL SAFE,
but user-defined functions are marked PARALLEL
UNSAFE by default. See the discussion of
Section 16.4.
The query is running inside of another query that is already parallel. For example, if a function called by a parallel query issues an SQL query itself, that query will never use a parallel plan. This is a limitation of the current implementation, but it may not be desirable to remove this limitation, since it could result in a single query using a very large number of processes.
Even when parallel query plan is generated for a particular query, there
are several circumstances under which it will be impossible to execute
that plan in parallel at execution time. If this occurs, the leader
will execute the portion of the plan below the Gather
node entirely by itself, almost as if the Gather node were
not present. This will happen if any of the following conditions are met:
No background workers can be obtained because of the limitation that the total number of background workers cannot exceed max_worker_processes.
No background workers can be obtained because of the limitation that the total number of background workers launched for purposes of parallel query cannot exceed max_parallel_workers.
The client sends an Execute message with a non-zero fetch count. See the discussion of the extended query protocol. Since libpq currently provides no way to send such a message, this can only occur when using a client that does not rely on libpq. If this is a frequent occurrence, it may be a good idea to set max_parallel_workers_per_gather to zero in sessions where it is likely, so as to avoid generating query plans that may be suboptimal when run serially.